Retirement Savings Policy: Past, Present and Future Tense: The Alexandra Lajoux Corporate Governance Series
Autor Barry, Michael P.en Limba Engleză Paperback – 11 iun 2018 – vârsta de la 22 ani
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Livrare economică 14-28 ianuarie 25
Specificații
ISBN-10: 1547416459
Pagini: 240
Dimensiuni: 155 x 230 mm
Greutate: 0.39 kg
Editura: de-G Press
Seria The Alexandra Lajoux Corporate Governance Series
Notă biografică
Michael P. Barry is President of O3 Plan Advisory Services LLC, which provides retirement plan regulatory analysis targeted at plan sponsors and those who provide services to them. Before founding Plan Advisory Services in 1998, Mike was Managing Director at Bankers Trust and, before that, practiced law in Washington D.C. and New York. Mike writes a regular column for PLANSPONSOR Online - "Barry's Pickings."
Cuprins
Part I: The Defined Benefit Plan Legacy ¿ 1
Chapter 1: An Overview of Existing Plans ¿ 3
Chapter 2: DB Plan Basics ¿ 7
A Formula Benefit ¿ 7
Where All the Risk Is Borne by the Sponsor ¿ 9
The Three Risks of Retirement Savings ¿ 9
Chapter 3: The DB Valuation Challenge ¿ 13
The Challenge ¿ 13
The "Time Value of Money" ¿ 14
Going Concern-The Portfolio Rate of Return Option ¿ 17
Chapter 4: The Regulatory Framework-Benefit Insurance, Minimum Funding
Rules and Accounting Standards Affecting DB Plan Finance ¿ 21
The Pension Benefit Guaranty Corporation ¿ 22
The Pension Protection Act of 2006 ¿ 22
Plan A: Tighten the Minimum Funding Rules ¿ 23
Plan B: Relax Minimum Funding Standards and Increase PBGC Premiums ¿ 24
The Current Minimum Funding Regime ¿ 25
The Current PBGC Premium Regime ¿ 26
The Accounting Regime, Very Briefly ¿ 27
How DB Liabilities Are Valued for Financial Statement Purposes ¿ 28
Chapter 5: The Regulatory Framework-Minimum Standards for Retirement Plan
Design and Tax Code Nondiscrimination Rules ¿ 31
Minimum Standards ¿ 31
Spousal Rights-the Retirement Equity Act of 1984 ¿ 33
Tax Code Nondiscrimination Rules ¿ 34
Tax Code Limits on Benefits, Contributions, and Compensation ¿ 34
Chapter 6: Problems with the DB Design ¿ 37
Issues with DB Design ¿ 37
The Inadequacy of Pre-Retirement Income as an Index of Post-Retirement
Needs ¿ 37
The Inadequacy of a Flat Retirement Income Target ¿ 39
DOI 10.1515/9781547400294-206
The Significance of Post-Retirement Risk ¿ 39
The Inadequacy of a Benefit Design Based on a Full Career ¿ 40
The DB Benefit Is Significantly Backloaded ¿ 40
Significance for Corporate Culture ¿ 41
Chapter 7: The Cash Balance Plan Conversion Crisis ¿ 43
What Is a Cash Balance Plan? ¿ 43
Why a Cash Balance Plan? ¿ 45
Why Did These Plans Have a Surplus? ¿ 45
Why Does a Funding Surplus Matter? ¿ 46
Why Cash Balance Plans Solved This Problem ¿ 46
Cash Balance Plan Conversion = A Decrease in Benefits for Older
Employees ¿ 48
Massive Employee Pushback ¿ 49
Chapter 8: The Secular Decline in Interest Rates and the Viability of DB
Plans ¿ 53
What About the Other Two Sponsor Risks-Investment and Mortality? ¿ 54
A Fundamental Lack of Transparency ¿ 55
Chapter 9: Getting Out, Slowly ¿ 57
The Increased Cost of Plan Termination ¿ 57
Getting Out Without Getting Out-The Plan Freeze ¿ 58
Taming Liabilities-Liability Driven Investments ¿ 58
The LDI Overlay ¿ 59
Chapter 10: Managing the DB Legacy-Reducing PBGC Premiums ¿ 63
Plan Funding, Briefly ¿ 63
PBGC Premiums, At Length ¿ 63
Pursuing a Contribution Policy That Reduces Variable-Rate Premiums ¿ 67
Variable-Rate Premium Fundamentals ¿ 67
Two Broad Strategies ¿ 68
Strategies for Maximizing the Value of the Headcount Cap ¿ 69
PBGC Premiums and Basic Retirement Policy ¿ 71
Chapter 11: The Cash Balance Alternative ¿ 73
The PPA Legitimizes the Cash Balance Design ¿ 73
Market Cash Balance Plans ¿ 74
Chapter 12: Intermezzo-Basic Policy Considerations Part I ¿ 75
Two Kinds of Office ¿ 75
What Are the Retirement Benefits? ¿ 76
The Status of Subsidized Benefits ¿ 77
A Legitimate Expectation That the Employer Would Continue the Plan ¿ 78
DB Plans, a Verdict ¿ 79
Who Pays for Retirement Benefits? ¿ 80
Retirement Savings Tax Policy-Two Views ¿ 81
Part II: Defined Contribution Plans and the 401(k)
Revolution ¿ 83
Chapter 13: The Rise of the 401(k) ¿ 85
Chapter 14: DC/401(k) Plan Basics ¿ 89
How Contributions Are Determined ¿ 89
How Assets Are Invested ¿ 89
How Benefits Are Paid ¿ 90
A Retirement Savings Design that Functions Like Compensation ¿ 90
What Happened to the Three Risks? ¿ 90
The Structure and Administration of 401(k) Plans ¿ 92
Chapter 15: The DC Adequacy Challenge ¿ 95
What Is Adequacy? ¿ 95
A Subjective Answer to the Adequacy Question ¿ 96
Towards an "Adequate" Policy Framework ¿ 96
Ambiguities ¿ 96
Three Sorts of Answers to the Adequacy Question ¿ 97
Adequacy of Investment ¿ 101
Payout ¿ 104
Chapter 16: Adequate Savings and the Regulatory Framework-Retirement
Savings Tax Incentives ¿ 105
The Current System ¿ 105
Retirement Savings Tax Benefits ¿ 106
How Much Are These Tax Benefits Worth? ¿ 106
Methodology ¿ 107
"Roth" versus Regular Contributions ¿ 110
Retirement Savings Tax Incentives, Rothification, and the Budget ¿ 111
A Middle-Class Tax Benefit? ¿ 112
Does This System Work? ¿ 113
Chapter 17: 401(k) Tax Code Nondiscrimination Rules ¿ 115
The ADP Test ¿ 115
The Dollar Limit on 401(k) Contributions ¿ 116
Passing the ADP Test ¿ 117
Participant Education ¿ 117
Matching Contributions ¿ 117
Safe Harbors ¿ 118
Defaults ¿ 118
Chapter 18: Adequate Investment-The Asset Allocation Challenge ¿ 121
Participant Education ¿ 122
Default Investments ¿ 122
2007 QDIA Rules ¿ 123
DOL's QDIA Regulation ¿ 123
QDIA/Target Date Funds as the Preferred Asset Allocation ¿ 125
Chapter 19: ERISA Fiduciary Rules ¿ 127
Who Is a Fiduciary under ERISA? ¿ 128
What Are a Fiduciary's "Duties"? ¿ 128
ERISA Section 404(c) ¿ 129
Residual Obligations of Plan Fiduciaries Under 404(c) ¿ 129
General Fiduciary Standards ¿ 130
Prohibited Transactions ¿ 130
Prohibited Transaction Exemptions ¿ 131
Chapter 20: The Structure and Administration of 401(k) Plans, Revisited ¿ 133
Basic Organization ¿ 133
Fiduciary Selection and Monitoring of Plan Service Providers ¿ 133
The Structure of 401(k) Plan Fee Arrangements ¿ 134
Current Practice ¿ 137
Chapter 21: Why Fees? ¿ 139
First: Unlike in DB Plans, in 401(k) Plans Fiduciary and Participant Interests
Are Not Aligned ¿ 139
Second: Fees Have a Significant Effect on Retirement Outcomes ¿ 139
Third: Plan Fiduciaries Limit Participant Investment Choices and Negotiate
the Deal with Plan Service Providers ¿ 140
Academic Work on Fees ¿ 140
Chapter 22: 401(k) Plan Fees and Fiduciary Regulation ¿ 143
Fee Disclosure ¿ 144
Provider-to-Sponsor Disclosure Rules ¿ 145
Sponsor-to-Participant Disclosure Rules ¿ 146
The Fiduciary Rule, Round 1 ¿ 146
Round 2 ¿ 147
The Fiduciary Rule in Brief ¿ 148
A New Set of "Impartial Conduct" Standards ¿ 150
Regulation of Compensation Policy ¿ 150
Disclosures ¿ 151
Contract Requirement for Non-ERISA Plans and IRAs ¿ 151
Implementation, Criticism, Challenges ¿ 151
Fifth Circuit Vacates the Fiduciary Rule ¿ 152
Assessing Fee Regulation Efforts ¿ 152
Chapter 23: Fiduciary litigation ¿ 155
The Problem of Proof ¿ 155
"Generic Services"-Recordkeeping ¿ 156
Chapter 24: Fiduciary Best Practices and Managing Fiduciary Risk ¿ 161
Key Process Elements ¿ 161
A Broad Range of Alternatives ¿ 163
Chapter 25: An Adequate Payout ¿ 169
The 401(k) Payout Challenge ¿ 169
Individual Choice vs. the "Right Choice" ¿ 176
Chapter 26: Intermezzo-Plan B ¿ 183
Continued Work-the Good News ¿ 183
The Other Plan B: Moving In with the Kids ¿ 185
The Worst Case ¿ 186
For the Most Part, a First World Problem ¿ 188
Part III: The Future ¿ 189
Chapter 27: The Demographic Background ¿ 191
The Age-Old Problem of Old Age ¿ 191
The Wealth Transfer Paradigm ¿ 194
The Socialization of the Paradigm ¿ 195
Money versus Time ¿ 199
Turning Savings into Investment ¿ 199
Chapter 28: The Great Transition ¿ 201
The Ratio of Workers to Retirees Is Going to Go Down, Significantly ¿ 201
In the Transition from PAYGO to Funding, Someone Will Have to Pay
Twice ¿ 202
The Transition to the 401(k) System Caught Baby Boomers Mid-Career ¿ 204
Chapter 29: Covering the Uncovered ¿ 207
How Big Is This Problem? ¿ 207
What Sorts of Employers Don't Provide Plans? ¿ 208
What Is Preventing Smaller Employers from Implementing Workplace
Retirement Plans? ¿ 208
Reducing Administrative Burden and Cost ¿ 210
Increasing Incentives ¿ 213
And the Gig Economy ¿ 215
Chapter 30: The Implications of the Software Revolution for Retirement
Savings ¿ 219
The Current System ¿ 219
The Distributed Ledger Technology Revolution ¿ 221
Are There Situations in Which Friction Is a Feature, Not a Bug? ¿ 223
Are There Situations in Which Transparency Is a Bug, Not a Feature? ¿ 223
Chapter 31: The Role of the Employer ¿ 225
What Is in All This for the Employer? ¿ 227
Chapter 32: The Bureaucratization of Capital ¿ 231
Chapter 33: Coda ¿ 233
What is Retirement? ¿ 233
The Way Forward ¿ 234
Index ¿ 237