This edited volume consists of seven chapters, each describing a recent advancement in the field of environmental research. Chapter One reviews the Brazilian Program for Production and Use of Biodiesel (PNPB) in the 2001-2013 period, considering its effects on social inclusion, its potential direct and indirect influence on deforestation, and associated violence in the definition of land property rights. Chapter Two analyzes the advances and setbacks of Brazilian climate policy. This analysis is fundamental to understanding the turning point in the conduct of this policy, from which some of the setbacks have emerged in fulfilling commitments to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. Chapter Three in this context, various techniques based on electrochemical principles have been widely used for the detection process using metal and metal oxides as electrode materials. Thus, the current article focuses on the compilation of recent developments in As (III) electrochemical detection and their limit of detections and future scopes. Chapter Four summarizes NO biosynthesis, functions, NO-signaling pathway and final formation of defense response under drought stress in plants. Lastly, Chapter Five discusses the Saharan Morocco comprises two major floristic divisions conventionally indicated under Saharan Atlas (As) and Saharan Morocco (Ms) in key Moroccan botanical references. Knowledge is essential not only for a better understanding of Saharan ecosystems but is vital for the preservation of current plant diversity.