Luminescent Materials de G. Blasse

Luminescent Materials

G. Blasse

B.C. Grabmaier

en Limba Engleză Paperback – 23 sep 1994

Everyone starting work in this field is faced with the lack of basic books. Here, two renowned researchers introduce the reader to luminescence and its applications, describing the principles of the luminescence processes in a clear way and dealing not only with physics, but also with the chemistry of systems. Particular attention is paid to materials such as lamp phosphors, cathode-ray and X-ray phosphors, scintillators and many other applications.

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Descriere

Luminescence is just as fascinating and luminescent materials (are) just as important as the number of books on these topics are rare. We have met many beginners in these fields who have asked for a book introducing them to luminescence and its applications, without knowing the appropriate answer. Some very useful books are completely out of date, like the first ones from the late I 940s by Kroger, Leverenz and Pringsheim. Also those edited by Goldberg (1966) and Riehl (1971) can no longer be recommended as up-to-date introductions. In the last decade a few books of excellent quality have appeared, but none of these can be considered as being a general introduction. Actually, we realize that it is very difficult to produce such a text in view of the multidisciplinary character of the field. Solid state physics, molecular spectroscopy, ligand field theory, inorganic chemistry, solid state and materi"als chemistry all have to be blended in the correct proportion.

Cuprins

1 A General Introduction to Luminescent Materials.- 2 How Does a Luminescent Material Absorb Its Excitation Energy?.- 2.1 General Considerations.- 2.2 The Influence of the Host Lattice.- 2.3 The Energy Level Diagrams of Individual Ions.- 2.3.1 The Transition Metal Ions (dn).- 2.3.2 The Transition Metal Ions with d0 Configuration.- 2.3.3 The Rare Earth Ions (4fn).- 2.3.4 The Rare Earth Ions (4f-5d and Charge-Transfer Transitions)….- 2.3.5 Ions with s2 Configuration.- 2.3.6 Ions with d10 Configuration.- 2.3.7 Other Charge-Transfer Transitions.- 2.3.8 Color Centers.- 2.4 Host Lattice Absorption.- References.- 3 Radiative Return to the Ground State: Emission.- 3.1 Introduction.- 3.2 General Discussion of Emission from a Luminescent Center.- 3.3 Some Special Classes of Luminescent Centers.- 3.3.1 Exciton Emission from Alkali Halides.- 3.3.2 Rare Earth Ions (Line Emission).- 3.3.3 Rare Earth Ions (Band Emission).- 3.3.4 Transition Metal Ions.- 3.3.5d0 Complex Ions.- 3.3.6d10 Ions.- 3.3.7s2 Ions.- 3.3.8 The U6+ ion.- 3.3.9 Semiconductors.- 3.3.10 Cross-Luminescence.- 3.4 Afterglow.- 3.5 Thermoluminescence.- 3.6. Stimulated emission.- References.- 4 Nonradiative Transitions.- 4.1 Introduction.- 4.2 Nonradiative Transitions in an Isolated Luminescent Centre.- 4.2.1 The Weak-Coupling Case.- 4.2.2 The Intermediate- and Strong-Coupling Cases.- 4.3 Efficiency.- 4.4 Maximum Efficiency for High Energy Excitation [13].- 4.5 Photoionization and Electron-Transfer Quenching.- 4.6 Nonradiative Transitions in Semiconductors.- References.- 5 Energy Transfer.- 5.1 Introduction.- 5.2 Energy Transfer Between Unlike Luminescent Centers.- 5.3 Energy Transfer Between Identical Luminescent Centers.- 5.3.1 Weak-Coupling Scheme Ions.- 5.3.2 Intermediate-and strong-coupling scheme ions.- 5.4 Energy Transfer in Semiconductors.- References.- 6 Lamp Phosphors.- 6.1 Introduction.- 6.2 Luminescent Lighting [1–3].- 6.3 The Preparation of Lamp Phosphors.- 6.4 Photoluminescent Materials.- 6.4.1. Lamp Phosphors for Lighting.- 6.4.2 Phosphors for Other Lamp Applications.- 6.4.3 Phosphors for High-Pressure Mercury Vapour Lamps.- 6.4.4 Phosphors with Two-Photon Emission.- 6.5 Outlook.- References.- 7 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.1 Cathode-Ray Tubes: Principles and Display.- 7.2 Preparation of Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3 Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.3.1 Some General Remarks.- 7.3.2 Phosphors for Black-and-White Television.- 7.3.3 Phosphors for Color Television.- 7.3.4 Phosphors for Projection Television.- 7.3.5 Other Cathode-Ray Phosphors.- 7.4 Outlook.- References.- 8 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Integrating Techniques).- 8.1 Introduction.- 8.1.1 X-Ray Absorption.- 8.1.2 The Conventional Intensifying Screen.- 8.1.3 The Photostimulable Storage Phosphor Screen.- 8.1.4 Computed Tomography.- 8.2 Preparation of X-ray Phosphors.- 8.2.1 Powder Screens.- 8.2.2 Ceramic Plates.- 8.2.3 Single Crystals.- 8.3 Materials.- 8.3.1 X-Ray Phosphors for Conventional Intensifying Screens.- 8.3.2 X-Ray Phosphors for Photostimulable Storage Screens.- 8.3.3 X-Ray Phosphors for Computed Tomography.- 8.4 Outlook.- References.- 9 X-Ray Phosphors and Scintillators (Counting Techniques).- 9.1 Introduction.- 9.2 The Interaction of Ionizing Radiation with Condensed Matter.- 9.3 Applications of Scintillator Crystals.- 9.4 Material Preparation (Crystal Growth).- 9.5 Scintillator Materials.- 9.5.1 Alkali Halides.- 9.5.2 Tungstates.- 9.5.3 Bi4Ge3O12 (BGO).- 9.5.4 Gd2SiO5: Ce3+ and Lu2SiO5: Ce3+.- 9.5.5 CeF3.- 9.5.6 Other Ce3+ Scintillators and Related Materials.- 9.5.7 BaF2 (Cross Luminescence; Particle Discrimination).- 9.5.8 Other Materials with Cross Luminescence.- 9.6 Outlook.- References.- 10 Other Applications.- 10.1 Upconversion: Processes and Materials.- 10.1.1 Upconversion Processes.- 10.1.2 Upconversion Materials.- 10.2 The Luminescent Ion as a Probe.- 10.3 Luminescence Immuno-Assay.- 10.3.1 Principle.- 10.3.2 Materials.- 10.4 Electroluminescence.- 10.4.1 Introduction.- 10.4.2 Light-Emitting Diodes and Semiconductor Lasers.- 10.4.3 High-Field Electroluminescence.- 10.5 Amplifiers and Lasers with Optical Fibers.- 10.6 Luminescence of Very Small Particles.- References.- Appendix 1. The Luminescence Literature.- Appendix 2. From Wavelength to Wavenumber and Some Other Conversions.- Appendix 3. Luminescence, Fluorescence, Phosphoresence.- Appendix 4. Plotting Emission Spectra.