Biological neural systems in general and the central nervous system specifically exhibit a strikingly efficient computational power along with an extreme flexible and adaptive basis for acquiring and integrating new knowledge. Acquiring more insights into the actual mechanisms of information processing within the brain and their computational capabilities is a core objective of modern computer science, computational sciences and neuroscience. There is however a significant lack of knowledge regarding the basic information processing within the brain. In order to have more insights into these basic information processing methods, this book presents an approach that investigates the underlying mechanisms allowing the brain to be capable of performing such massive amounts of computational tasks with a sustainable efficiency and flexibility. A main focus of this work is the role of synapses and their involved dynamics in the brain's computational power. This work investigates, models and analyses the synaptic dynamics with integration into the level of dynamic neural networks.